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Part 4
Listen to the audio and answer the questions.

Questions

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Questions 31-40

Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Bird Migration Theory

Most birds are believed to migrate seasonally.

Hibernation theory

  • It was believed that birds hibernated underwater or buried themselves in 31.

  • This theory was later disproved by experiments on caged birds.

Transmutation theory

  • Aristotle believed birds changed from one species into another in summer and winter.

    • In autumn he observed that redstarts experience the loss of 32 and thought they then turned into robins.

    • Aristotle’s assumptions were logical because the two species of birds had a similar 33.

17th century

  • Charles Morton popularised the idea that birds fly to the 34 in winter.

Scientific developments

  • In 1822, a stork was killed in Germany which had an African spear in its 35.

    • previously there had been no 36 that storks migrate to Africa.

  • Little was known about the 37 and journeys of migrating birds until the practice of ringing was established.

    • It was thought large birds carried small birds on some journeys because they were considered incapable of travelling across huge 38.

    • Ringing depended on what is called the ‘39’ of dead birds.

  • In 1931, the first 40 to show the migration of European birds was printed.

Notes